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Solenoid
Valve consists of a basic valve and a solenoid switch. The solenoid switch can
receive the signal of opening or closing and make the corresponding action of
opening or closing. Therefore, it can control the liquid flow into and out of
the control chamber of the main valve, so as to control the valve to close or
open.
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Grounding is essential for electrical devices for several reasons, but why exactly do we do it? My first unpleasant encounter with electricity happened when I got an electric shock from an AC wall outlet. I vividly remember my body shaking for about a second. Since then, I avoided anything related to electricity until I had to start wiring products to simulate real-world customer situations. That’s when I realized how crucial grounding truly is.
### Why Ground?
Grounding serves multiple purposes:
- **Preventing Damage or Injury**: Proper grounding ensures that electricity flows safely and prevents shocks.
- **Protecting Against Overloads**: It helps stabilize voltage levels and protects equipment from surges.
- **Ensuring Safety**: It provides a safe path for stray currents, reducing the risk of accidents.
To illustrate this, consider a washing machine example. If an appliance isn’t grounded, the leakage current generated can create a potential difference, making the user a potential conductor. This could lead to severe injuries or even death. However, when an appliance is grounded, the current finds a safer path through the grounding wire, bypassing the human body.
### Why Do We Need to Ground Motors?
Grounding is mandatory for nearly all electric motors. According to the National Electrical Code (NEC), section 430-L, motors must meet specific grounding conditions. The windings inside the motor are usually insulated from other parts. If insulation fails, the motor frame can become electrified, posing a significant danger to anyone who touches it. Proper grounding provides a safe path for excess voltage to flow to the ground, preventing accidents.
An electric shock—or worse, electrocution—can occur if the PE terminal of a motor isn’t grounded. Even a small current, as low as 0.1 to 0.2 amps, can be fatal.
### High Voltage vs. High Current
Why do warning signs always say “High Voltage†instead of “High Current� The answer lies in Ohm’s Law: Voltage is the potential energy, current is the flow of charge, and resistance opposes the flow of current. While voltage is what causes current to flow, current is what poses the real danger. Without sufficient voltage, there won’t be enough current to be harmful.
Here’s a table from OSHA showing the effects of different current levels on the human body:
### What Do “PE†and “FG†Mean?
**PE - Protective Earth**: Also known as earthing in the UK and grounding in the US, PE refers to the electrical zero potential. Its purpose is to protect against electric shock and fire caused by leakage currents. Instead of using motor bolts or screws for grounding, dedicated screw terminals are now available for easier implementation.
**FG - Frame Ground**: Often called chassis ground, FG protects against electrical noise, which can interfere with signals and cause malfunctions.
*Note*: This post does not cover signal ground, which is often confused with PE and FG grounding. For more information, check out this article from Analog IC Tips.
### Examples of PE Terminals
PE terminals can be found on both motors and drivers. Both components require grounding. Here’s an example of PE terminals on a motor and a driver:
In a stepper motor system, PE grounding is critical. Below is an example of a motor and driver installation and wiring diagram:
For reducing electrical noise, including FG grounding, Oriental Motor provides detailed guidelines in their manuals.
### Tips for Effective Grounding
Use thicker and shorter grounding wires to decrease resistance, allowing current to flow more easily.
For specific grounding instructions for your Oriental Motor product, consult the operator manuals or reach out to our technical support team. You can easily find a product’s manual by performing a part number search. If you need further assistance, contact us via phone, email, or chat.
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