Brief introduction to the application fields of common machine tools

A machine tool is a machine that processes metal blanks into machine parts. It is a machine that manufactures machines, so it is also called a "working machine" or a "tool machine". There are many methods for processing mechanical parts in modern machinery manufacturing: in addition to cutting, there are casting, forging, welding, stamping, extrusion, etc., but all parts with high precision requirements and fine surface roughness requirements are generally required. The final machining is carried out by cutting on the machine. In the general machine manufacturing, the processing load of the machine tool accounts for 40%-60% of the total manufacturing work of the machine, and the machine tool plays a major role in the modernization of the national economy.

According to the processing method or processing object, it can be divided into lathe, drilling machine, boring machine, grinding machine, gear processing machine, thread processing machine, spline processing machine, milling machine, planer, grooving, broaching machine, special processing machine, sawing machine and engraving machine. The application of common machine tools is as follows:

The lathe is mainly used to machine various rotary surfaces and end faces of the rotary body. For example, turning inner and outer cylindrical surfaces, conical surfaces, ring grooves and forming rotary surfaces, turning end faces and various commonly used threads, with process equipment can also process various special shapes. Drilling, reaming, reaming, knurling, etc. can also be done on the lathe.

Drilling machines are versatile machine tools for a wide range of applications, such as drilling, reaming, reaming, boring and tapping. When equipped with process equipment on the radial drilling machine, it can also be used for boring; the universal drilling table (MDT-180 type) can be equipped on the drill, and the keyway can be milled.

The boring machine is suitable for plane milling and hole machining of parts produced in single or small batches in the machine shop. The end of the headstock is designed with a flat disk radial tool holder for precise boring of larger holes and planes. In addition, drilling, reaming and threading are also possible.

A grinding machine for grinding a workpiece with a grinding abrasive (grinding wheel, abrasive belt, whetstone or abrasive, etc.) as a tool, collectively referred to as a grinding machine. Grinding machines can process a variety of surfaces, such as inner and outer cylindrical and conical surfaces, planes, gear tooth surfaces, spiral surfaces and various molding surfaces, as well as sharpening tools and cutting, etc., the process range is very wide. Due to the high machining accuracy and good surface quality, the grinding machine is mainly used for the finishing of parts, especially the finishing of hardened steel parts and high hardness materials.

Gear processing machine gears are the most commonly used transmission components, cylindrical gears with straight, helical and herringbone teeth, bevel gears with straight and spiral teeth, worm gears and non-circular gears. A machine tool that processes the surface of a gear tooth is called a gear machining machine.

Milling machine A versatile machine tool that can machine planes (horizontal, vertical), grooves (keyways, T-slots, dovetails, etc.) and split parts (gear, spline shaft, sprocket, spiral) Shaped surface (thread, spiral groove) and various curved surfaces. In addition, it can also be used to machine and cut the surface of the rotating body, etc. When the milling machine is working, the workpiece is mounted on the workbench or on the indexing head. The milling cutter rotates as the main motion, supplemented by the feed motion of the table or the milling head, and the workpiece can obtain the required machining surface. Because of the multi-knife interrupted cutting, the productivity of the milling machine is high.

The planer is mainly divided into a bullhead planer, a planer, a single-arm planer and a special planer (such as a planer for planing the edge of the large steel plate, a planing punch and a planing machine for complex shaped workpieces). The head planer is named after the ram and the knife holder are shaped like a bull's head. The planer is mounted on the turret's tool holder for longitudinal reciprocating motion, which is used to cut various planes and grooves. The planer is named after a gantry frame structure consisting of a top beam and a column. The workbench carries a workpiece through the gantry frame for linear reciprocating motion. It is mostly used to machine large planes (especially long and narrow planes). To machine grooves or to machine the plane of several small and medium parts at the same time. Large gantry planers are often equipped with components such as milling heads and grinding heads, which allow the workpiece to be machined, milled and ground in one installation. The single-arm planer has a single column and a cantilever, and the table reciprocates longitudinally along the bed rail. It is mostly used for machining workpieces that have a large width and do not need to be processed over the entire width.

The insertion bed is mainly used for processing various planes (such as horizontal, vertical and inclined surfaces and various grooves, such as T-shaped grooves, dovetail grooves, V-shaped grooves, etc.) and linear forming surfaces. If equipped with a profiling device, it can also process space surfaces such as turbine impellers, spiral grooves, etc. This type of machine tool has a simple tool structure and does not cut when returning, so the productivity is low, and it is generally used for single-piece small batch production.